Monday 20 October 2014

Special relational operations | Relational Model


SPECIAL RELATIONAL OPERATIONS

These includes operations like
 
  1. Selection
  2. Projection
  3. Join
  4. Division
1. Selection-To identify a set of tuples which is a part of a relation and to extract only these tuples out. The select operation selects tuples that satisfy a given predicate or condition. It is also known as restriction operation. 

It is a unary operation defined on a single relation.


·   It is denoted as s.

REPRESENTATION-  s  (CONDITION) (RELATION)

EXAMPLE- Consider a relation "EMP"


ID
NAME
SALARY
1
Rahul
5000
2
Arjun
10000
3
Abay
4000
4
Avinash
8000
5
Anu
10000

Ex-1  Select all employees  whose salary>=8000

s  (salary>8000) (EMP)

OUTPUT- 

ID
NAME
SALARY
2
Arjun
10000
4
Avinash
8000
5
Anu
10000


2. Projection- It results in a new relation that contains a subset of the columns of a relation and eliminate any duplicate node.
·         It is a unary operation defined on a single relation
 It is denoted as ?.

REPRESENTATION-  ?   (COLUMN) (RELATION)

EX-2  select all employees name and their salary from the relation "EMP"

 ?   (NAME,SALARY) (EMP)

OUTPUT-

NAME
SALARY
Rahul
5000
Arjun
10000
Abay
4000
Avinash
8000
Anu
10000

3. Join- To restrict the no of rows obtained from the Cartesian product we used joins.Join is performed on 2 relations having one or more attributes in common and they should have some datatype.It is a binary operation and a combination of certain selections and a Cartesian product into one operation.
·         It is denoted as |X| .
·         It is associative.

REPRESENTATION- (P)| X|  (JOIN CONDITION) (Q)

where P,Q are the names of the relation and where condition is of the form  pi  Q  qi
where pi is the attributes of the relation P and qi is the attribute of the relation Q.

EXAMPLE- Consider 2 relations

1 relation "EMP"

EMP_ID
ENAME
DEPTID
SAL
123
Balwinder
1
5000
122
Simar
2
10000
134
Anmol
3
20000

2 relation "DEPT"

DEPTNO
DNAME
1
CSE
2
ECE
3
CSE

Ex- Display the employee information with department name
EMP | X|  (DEPID=DEPTNO) DEPT

OUTPUT-

EMP_ID
ENAME
DEPTID
SAL
DNAME
123
Balwinder
1
5000
CSE
122
Simar
2
10000
ECE
134
Anmol
3
20000
CSE

4. Division- The division operator divides a dividend relation "r" of degree (m+n) by a divisor relation "s" of degree (m) and produces a resultant relation of degree "n".

REPRESENTATION-  Let r(R) and s(S) be relations
r ÷ s: -
 The result consists of the restrictions of tuples in r to the attribute names unique to R, i.e. in the Header of r but not in the Header of s, for which it holds that all their combinations with tuples in s are present in r.

EXAMPLE-     Consider 2 relations "r" and "s"

Relation"r"

S.NO
P.NO
S1
P1
S1
P2
S3
P1
S4
P2
S2
P3
S2
P1

Relation "s"

P.NO
P1

Now   r ÷ s   

OUTPUT-

S.NO
S1
S3
S2

3 comments:

  1. Good article shared about DBMS..
    Shoofi

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